2013 marked the centenary of the birth of Robert Capa -- the greatest war photographer of all time. Endre Friedman was born in Budapest on October 22, 1913. His father was a Jewish tailor. In 1931 he moved to Berlin to study journalism. After Hitler's accession to power in 1933 he fled the "garden of the beasts" and eventually wound up in Paris. In 1936 he changed his name to "Robert Capa" and arrived in Spain to cover the civil war. In Paris he met the great love of his life, Gerda Taro; she would later be killed in the Spanish civil war while working as a war photographer.
"Moment of Death"
During the Spanish civil war he took the famous "moment of death" photograph that launched his career. This photograph remains controversial to this day with contemporary war correspondents and photographers. The perfection of this violent image invites the insidious question: "Could it have been staged?"
In the book Frontline: Reporting form the World's Deadliest Places David Loyn writes, "Ever since doubts were raised over Robert Capa's 'moment of death' photograph, which appears to show a soldier as he is hit by a bullet in the Spanish civil war, war photography has been under scrutiny. The evidence for Capa's picture being exactly what it looks like is strong, but doubts remain. It is easier to sit in a bar and retell rumour and suspicion than it is to go out and put your life on the line to take real pictures. Nobody can say what pictures show except the person who took them; interpretation comes down to trust." (Source: Frontline: Reporting form the World's Deadliest Places, David Loyn, 2011, www.amzn.com/1849531412)
In 1937 Capa made his first visit to the United States. By 1943 he was an accredited war correspondent in the US Army. He would document the campaign in Tunisia, Sicily, Italy and the D-day Landings. The opening 20 minutes of Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan are an homage to Robert Capa's work as well as a tribute to the heroes who fought on June 6, 1944.
German POW and US Army medic, Sicily 1943
The immediacy and impact of World War II photography, including Capa's, was far greater than the photography of the First World war, just as the films of the 1940s are more memorable than the films of the silent era.
Omaha Beach, June 6, 1944
Capa's war photography made him a famous celebrity. He had a two year relationship with Ingrid Bergman beginning in 1945.
Siclian peasant and US Officer, Sicily 1943
"The Germans went that-away!"
Capa was ever a gambler, a risk taker. He loved to play cards and attend horse races. His motto was, "If your pictures aren't good enough, you aren't close enough."
Capa's grave, Amawalk, NY
In 1954 Capa went to cover the grim siege of Dien Bien Phu in Vietnam. He stepped on a landmine and was killed at the age of 40. He is now buried at the Quaker cemetery at Amawalk in the USA.
American GIs at Maria SS Assunta Cathedral, Troina, August 6, 1943
Consider the political trajectory of Capas's life. He was born into the dying days of the Austro-Hungarian empire. In his youth he moved in largely socialist circles and was briefly imprisoned by the Hungarian secret police. He went to University in Weimar Germany. He fled to Paris to escape persecution in Hitler's Germany. His first photographic success was in reporting for the Spanish civil war -- the most ideological war of the 20th century. His unforgettable photos helped turn ordinary GIs into heroes for the US Army. He adopted the USA as his home. Finally, he was killed by a communist landmine becoming the fist American casualty of the Vietnam war.
Source: Robert Capa: in Italia, 2013, Fratelli Alinari, Beatrix Lengyel, Eva Fisli.
Travel Notes: From now until February 23, 2014 you can see an exhibition of Capa's Italian war photography at the Museo Nazionale Alinari Della Fotographia (Alinari National Museum of Photography). The museum is in Florence, Italy.www.alinarifondazione.it. Piazza Santa Maria Novella 14a/r, 50123 Florence, Italy.
The greatest visual artist of the 20th century was not Picasso or Matisse; the greatest visual artist of the 20th century was a London greengrocer's son by the name of Alfred Hitchcock. This view is based not merely on the massive quantity of impressions that he was able to generate in a lifetime devoted to film but, more importantly, based on the quality and vision of those images.
Some men are able to see their way around Time's corners better than others. In 1888 Nietszche foresaw the catastrophic wars of the 20th century writing, "All the mighty worlds of the ancient order of society are blown into space—for they are all based on lies: there will be wars the like of which have never been seen on earth before." (Source: Ecce Homo, Friedrich Nietzsche www.amzn.com/0199552568). Winston Churchill, another man of vision, foresaw the coming devastation declaring before World War I, "A European war can only end in the ruin of the vanquished and the scarcely less fatal commercial dislocation and exhaustion of the conquerors...The wars of peoples will be more terrible than those of kings." (See earlier post "Young Titan"... http://americanconservativeinlondon.blogspot.com/2013/12/young-titan.html). America'sGeneralPatton predicted the Japanese attack upon Pearl Harbor in a report prepared in 1937 (see earlier post "Patton Quotes"...http://americanconservativeinlondon.blogspot.com/2012/08/patton-quotes.html).
Hitchcock also had this visionary gift and it is on full display in his English masterpiece, The Lady Vanishes (www.amzn.com/B000VARC28). Hitchcock had a talent for turning the dross of literary pulp fiction sources into cinematic gold.
The Lady Vanishes is a Romantic espionage thriller that was made in 1938 just as Peace itself was about to vanish from the face of Europe. This was the year of Chamberlain's infamous appeasement in Munich which doomed Czechoslovakia to seven years of ruthless Nazi domination. Most of the action of the film takes place in the fictional mountainous country of Bandrika. An avalanche has stranded the mostly English characters in a picturesque mountain resort. Most of the natives seem friendly, but Mandrika has a propaganda minister and people have a nasty habit of disappearing.
"It's only a model."
Soon the characters, forming a microcosm of English society, are gathered on a train hurtling through the winter chill. The young and beautiful heroine, Iris Henderson (Margaret Lockwood) and Gilbert, her musicologist love interest, encounter a sinister Dr. Egon Hartz (Paul Lukas) who tends to spout Freudian psycho-babble.
"Miss Froy" (Dame May Whitty) is the elderly, but surprisingly spry governess, who "vanishes" from the train. There is far more to Miss Froy than her mundane appearance suggests. She is, in fact, a British spy who carries in her head a musical tune which contains a vital secret code. The code contains information about a secret pact between two nations. This code must reach those in Whitehall but Miss Froy mysteriously vanishes from the train. The Hitchcockian "MacGuffin" in this film, therefore, anticipates the Nazi-Soviet pact that shocked in the world when it was announced in 1939.
Hitchcock's vision was not only accurate, it was decidedly Conservative as well. Hitchcock was an observant Roman Catholic who had a deep conviction about original sin. The primary victim in Psycho (www.amzn.com/B003IWZ1D8), played by Janet Leigh, is also a thief.
Hitchcock reveals a thoroughly Conservative skepticism about the nature of politics and politicians. Miss Froy coyly declares "You shouldn't judge any country by its politics. We English are quite honest by nature." The source of life's main joys are based on personal relationships and NOT ideology or political conviction.
There is this exchange between the villainous Dr Egon Hartz and Gilbert: "l am Dr Egon Hartz of Prague.You may have heard of me. -Not the brain specialist? -The same. You went to England to operate on one of our cabinet ministers...? -Yes. -Did you find anything? -A slight cerebral contusion. -That's better than nothing." In his personal life, Alfred Hitchcock was as conventionally heterosexual as Phil Robertson of Duck Dynasty. The symbolism of a train entering a tunnel in the concluding scene of North by Northwest (www.amzn.com/B0017HMF6W) is unmistakable. Hitchcock's romantic thrillers were, in fact, the aphrodisiacs of their time. How many baby boomers around the world were conceived after their parents had viewed one of Hitchcock's films?
Yet Hitchcock's attachment to traditional values did not make him a homophobe in any way. He would later cast Anthony Perkins in the title role of Psycho. In The Lady Vanishes two Englishmen, (Charters and Caldicott), both terrified of women, are, arguably, the happiest couple in the film. The sympathetic portrayal of a "gay" cricket-obsessed couple becomes the comic highlight of this film. When the chips are down, these men prove to be patriotic Englishmen who do not hesitate to use force to defend themselves. The Charters and Caldicott characters clearly foreshadow the role that the homosexual Alan Turing would soon play in decryption technology and the development of computing at Bletchley Park. The British government's beastly treatment of Turing after the war offers further confirmation of Hitchcock's Conservative view that government is filled with "empty-headed" cabinet ministers.
The climactic conclusion of The Lady Vanishes reveals Hitchcock as a patriotic Englishmen who was justifiably anxious about his country in 1938. On later emigrating to Hollywood, he would become a patriotic American (consider North by Northwest and Topaz).
The path of appeasement which Chamberlain charted at Munich in the same year that this film was released is decisively rejected by Hitchcock. The faithless Mr. Todhunter (Cecil Parker) represents those in Britain who were drawn to appeasement. After the train is halted a gun battle breaks out between the English passengers and the Bandrikan police led by Dr Hartz. Todhunter declares, "l won't be a party to this sort of thing. l don't believe in fighting." Significantly, the word "Tod" means "death" in German and Todhunter races to his own destruction.
Margaret Lockwood, Naunton Wayne and Basil Radford
Ironically, the gayest character in Hitchcock's oeuvre, (Caldicott played by Naunton Wayne) rebukes Todhunter, "Pacifist? Won't work. Christians tried it and got thrown to the lions." Charters and Caldicott bear some striking similarities to the contemporary gay Conservative artists Gilbert and George (http://americanconservativeinlondon.blogspot.com/2012/03/new-faces-of-conservatism-gilbert-and.html).
Todhunter, an adulterer, bolts from the train and is shot by the Mandrikan police while waving the white flag of surrender.
It is clear from The Lady Vanishes that Hitchcock foresaw an "avalanche" of bad political news headed Britain's way in 1938. English democracy would be forced to confront the menace of fascism which sought its destruction. Some of those in Britain's diverse and free society would be tempted by the false lure of pacifism.
Finally, Alfred Hitchcock was a visionary artist with a Conservative temperament who foresaw...
1) The coming war or "vanishing" peace.
2) The vital role that would be played by women in the intelligence services. Maya (Jessica Chastain) in Zero Dark Thirty (www.amzn.com/B00B1E6FF8) is a direct descendent of Hitchcock's Miss Froy.
3) The contribution of gay English patriots to the cause of freedom (Alan Turing).
4) The folly of appeasement, pacifism and isolationism.
5) The Nazi-Soviet pact of 1939 (Molotov - Ribbentrop agreement).
